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Complex Resonator

Normally when we need a resonator, we think immediately of the two-pole resonator. However, there is also a complex one-pole resonator having the transfer function

$\displaystyle H(z) = \frac{g}{1-pz^{-1}} \protect$ (11.6)

where $ p=Re^{j\theta_c}$ is the single complex pole, and $ g$ is a scale factor. In the time domain, the complex one-pole resonator is implemented as

$\displaystyle y(n) = g x(n) + p y(n-1).
$

Since $ p$ is complex, the output $ y(n)$ is generally complex even when the input $ x(n)$ is real.

Since the impulse response is the inverse z transform of the transfer function, we can write down the impulse response of the complex one-pole resonator by recognizing Eq. (10.6) as the closed-form sum of an infinite geometric series, yielding

$\displaystyle h(n) = u(n) g p^n,
$

where, as always, $ u(n)$ denotes the unit step function:

$\displaystyle u(n) \isdef \left\{\begin{array}{ll}
1, & n\geq 0 \\ [5pt]
0, & n<0 \\
\end{array}\right.
$

Thus, the impulse response is simply a scale factor $ g$ times the geometric sequence $ p^n$ with the pole $ p$ as its ``term ratio''. In general, $ p^n = R^n e^{j\omega_c nT}$ is a sampled, exponentially decaying sinusoid at radian frequency $ \omega_c=\theta_c/T$. By setting $ p$ somewhere on the unit circle to get

$\displaystyle p \isdef e^{j\omega_c T},
$

we obtain a complex sinusoidal oscillator at radian frequency $ \omega_c$ rad/sec. If we like, we can extract the real and imaginary parts separately to create both a sine-wave and a cosine-wave output:

\begin{eqnarray*}
\mbox{re}\left\{h(n)\right\} &=& u(n) g \cos(\omega_c n T)\\
\mbox{im}\left\{h(n)\right\} &=& u(n) g \sin(\omega_c n T)
\end{eqnarray*}

These may be called phase-quadrature sinusoids, since their phases differ by 90 degrees. The phase quadrature relationship for two sinusoids means that they can be regarded as the real and imaginary parts of a complex sinusoid.

By allowing $ g$ to be complex,

$\displaystyle g \isdef A e^{j\phi}
$

we can arbitrarily set both the amplitude and phase of this phase-quadrature oscillator:

\begin{eqnarray*}
\mbox{re}\left\{h(n)\right\} &=& u(n) A \cos(\omega_c n T + \p...
...mbox{im}\left\{h(n)\right\} &=& u(n) A \sin(\omega_c n T + \phi)
\end{eqnarray*}

The frequency response of the complex one-pole resonator differs from that of the two-pole real resonator in that the resonance occurs only for one positive or negative frequency $ \omega_c$, but not both. As a result, the resonance frequency $ \omega_c$ is also the frequency where the peak-gain occurs; this is only true in general for the complex one-pole resonator. In particular, the peak gain of a real two-pole filter does not occur exactly at resonance, except when $ \theta_c \isdef \omega_c T = 0$, $ \pi/2$, or $ \pi $. See §10.6 for more on peak-gain versus resonance-gain (and how to normalize them in practice).



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``Introduction to Digital Filters with Audio Applications'', by Julius O. Smith III, (August 2006 Edition).
Copyright © 2007-02-02 by Julius O. Smith III
Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA),   Stanford University
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