GNU Octave Manual Version 3 by John W. Eaton, David Bateman, Søren Hauberg Paperback (6"x9"), 568 pages ISBN 095461206X RRP £24.95 ($39.95) |
18.3 Matrix Factorizations
- Loadable Function: chol (a)
- Compute the Cholesky factor, r, of the symmetric positive definite
matrix a, where
r' * r = a.
See also cholinv, chol2inv
- Loadable Function: cholinv (a)
- Use the Cholesky factorization to compute the inverse of the
symmetric positive definite matrix a.
See also chol, chol2inv
- Loadable Function: chol2inv (u)
- Invert a symmetric, positive definite square matrix from its Cholesky
decomposition, u. Note that u should be an upper-triangular
matrix with positive diagonal elements.
chol2inv (u)
providesinv (u'*u)
but it is much faster than usinginv
.See also chol, cholinv
- Loadable Function: h = hess (a)
- Loadable Function: [p, h] = hess (a)
- Compute the Hessenberg decomposition of the matrix a.
The Hessenberg decomposition is usually used as the first step in an eigenvalue computation, but has other applications as well (see Golub, Nash, and Van Loan, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 1979). The Hessenberg decomposition is
p * h * p' = a
wherep
is a square unitary matrix (p' * p = I
, using complex-conjugate transposition) andh
is upper Hessenberg (i >= j+1 => h (i, j) = 0
).
- Loadable Function: [l, u, p] = lu (a)
- Compute the LU decomposition of a, using subroutines from
lapack. The result is returned in a permuted form, according to
the optional return value p. For example, given the matrix
a = [1, 2; 3, 4]
,[l, u, p] = lu (a)
returns
l = 1.00000 0.00000 0.33333 1.00000 u = 3.00000 4.00000 0.00000 0.66667 p = 0 1 1 0
The matrix is not required to be square.
- Loadable Function: [q, r, p] = qr (a)
- Compute the QR factorization of a, using standard lapack
subroutines. For example, given the matrix
a = [1, 2; 3, 4]
,[q, r] = qr (a)
returns
q = -0.31623 -0.94868 -0.94868 0.31623 r = -3.16228 -4.42719 0.00000 -0.63246
The
qr
factorization has applications in the solution of least squares problemsmin norm(A x - b)
for overdetermined systems of equations (i.e.,
a
is a tall, thin matrix). The QR factorization is
q * r = a
whereq
is an orthogonal matrix andr
is upper triangular.The permuted QR factorization
[q, r, p] = qr (a)
forms the QR factorization such that the diagonal entries ofr
are decreasing in magnitude order. For example, given the matrixa = [1, 2; 3, 4]
,[q, r, p] = qr(a)
returns
q = -0.44721 -0.89443 -0.89443 0.44721 r = -4.47214 -3.13050 0.00000 0.44721 p = 0 1 1 0
The permuted
qr
factorization[q, r, p] = qr (a)
factorization allows the construction of an orthogonal basis ofspan (a)
.
- Loadable Function: lambda = qz (a, b)
- Generalized eigenvalue problem A x = s B x,
QZ decomposition. There are three ways to call this function:
lambda = qz(A,B)
Computes the generalized eigenvalues lambda of (A - s B).[AA, BB, Q, Z, V, W, lambda] = qz (A, B)
Computes qz decomposition, generalized eigenvectors, and generalized eigenvalues of (A - sB)A*V = B*V*diag(lambda) W'*A = diag(lambda)*W'*B AA = Q'*A*Z, BB = Q'*B*Z
with Q and Z orthogonal (unitary)= I[AA,BB,Z{, lambda}] = qz(A,B,opt)
As in form [2], but allows ordering of generalized eigenpairs for (e.g.) solution of discrete time algebraic Riccati equations. Form 3 is not available for complex matrices, and does not compute the generalized eigenvectors V, W, nor the orthogonal matrix Q.- opt
-
for ordering eigenvalues of the GEP pencil. The leading block
of the revised pencil contains all eigenvalues that satisfy:
"N"
- = unordered (default)
"S"
- = small: leading block has all |lambda| <=1
"B"
- = big: leading block has all |lambda| >= 1
"-"
- = negative real part: leading block has all eigenvalues in the open left half-plane
"+"
- = nonnegative real part: leading block has all eigenvalues in the closed right half-plane
Note: qz performs permutation balancing, but not scaling (see balance). Order of output arguments was selected for compatibility with MATLAB
See also balance, dare, eig, schur
- Function File: [aa, bb, q, z] = qzhess (a, b)
- Compute the Hessenberg-triangular decomposition of the matrix pencil
(a, b)
, returningaa = q * a * z
,bb = q * b * z
, with q and z orthogonal. For example,[aa, bb, q, z] = qzhess ([1, 2; 3, 4], [5, 6; 7, 8]) => aa = [ -3.02244, -4.41741; 0.92998, 0.69749 ] => bb = [ -8.60233, -9.99730; 0.00000, -0.23250 ] => q = [ -0.58124, -0.81373; -0.81373, 0.58124 ] => z = [ 1, 0; 0, 1 ]
The Hessenberg-triangular decomposition is the first step in Moler and Stewart's QZ decomposition algorithm.
Algorithm taken from Golub and Van Loan, Matrix Computations, 2nd edition.
- Loadable Function: s = schur (a)
- Loadable Function: [u, s] = schur (a, opt)
- The Schur decomposition is used to compute eigenvalues of a
square matrix, and has applications in the solution of algebraic
Riccati equations in control.
schur
always returnss = u' * a * u
where
u
is a unitary matrix (
u'* u
is identity)and
s
is upper triangular. The eigenvalues of
a
(ands
)are the diagonal elements of
s
.If the matrix
a
is real, then the real Schur decomposition is computed, in which the matrix
u
is orthogonal and
s
is block upper triangular with blocks of size at most
2 x 2
along the diagonal. The diagonal elements of
s
(or the eigenvalues of the
2 x 2
blocks, when appropriate) are the eigenvalues of
a
and
s
.The eigenvalues are optionally ordered along the diagonal according to the value of
opt
.opt = "a"
indicates that all eigenvalues with negative real parts should be moved to the leading block ofs
(used in
are
),opt = "d"
indicates that all eigenvalues with magnitude less than one should be moved to the leading block ofs
(used in
dare
), andopt = "u"
, the default, indicates that no ordering of eigenvalues should occur. The leadingk
columns of
u
always span the
a
-invariantsubspace corresponding to the
k
leading eigenvalues of
s
.
- Loadable Function: s = svd (a)
- Loadable Function: [u, s, v] = svd (a)
- Compute the singular value decomposition of a
A = U*S*V'
The function
svd
normally returns the vector of singular values. If asked for three return values, it computes U, S, and V.For example,
svd (hilb (3))
returns
ans = 1.4083189 0.1223271 0.0026873
and
[u, s, v] = svd (hilb (3))
returns
u = -0.82704 0.54745 0.12766 -0.45986 -0.52829 -0.71375 -0.32330 -0.64901 0.68867 s = 1.40832 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.12233 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00269 v = -0.82704 0.54745 0.12766 -0.45986 -0.52829 -0.71375 -0.32330 -0.64901 0.68867
If given a second argument,
svd
returns an economy-sized decomposition, eliminating the unnecessary rows or columns of u or v.
- Function File: [housv, beta, zer] = housh (x, j, z)
- Compute Householder reflection vector housv to reflect x
to be the j-th column of identity, i.e.,
(I - beta*housv*housv')x = norm(x)*e(j) if x(1) < 0, (I - beta*housv*housv')x = -norm(x)*e(j) if x(1) >= 0
Inputs
- x
- vector
- j
- index into vector
- z
- threshold for zero (usually should be the number 0)
Outputs (see Golub and Van Loan):
- beta
- If beta = 0, then no reflection need be applied (zer set to 0)
- housv
- householder vector
- Function File: [u, h, nu] = krylov (a, v, k, eps1, pflg)
- Construct an orthogonal basis u of block Krylov subspace
[v a*v a^2*v ... a^(k+1)*v]
Using Householder reflections to guard against loss of orthogonality.
If v is a vector, then h contains the Hessenberg matrix such that
a*u == u*h+rk*ek'
, in whichrk = a*u(:,k)-u*h(:,k)
, andek'
is the vector[0, 0, ..., 1]
of lengthk
. Otherwise, h is meaningless.If v is a vector and k is greater than
length(A)-1
, then h contains the Hessenberg matrix such thata*u == u*h
.The value of nu is the dimension of the span of the krylov subspace (based on eps1).
If b is a vector and k is greater than m-1, then h contains the Hessenberg decomposition of a.
The optional parameter eps1 is the threshold for zero. The default value is 1e-12.
If the optional parameter pflg is nonzero, row pivoting is used to improve numerical behavior. The default value is 0.
Reference: Hodel and Misra, "Partial Pivoting in the Computation of Krylov Subspaces", to be submitted to Linear Algebra and its Applications
ISBN 095461206X | GNU Octave Manual Version 3 | See the print edition |