 | Chapter 6 Pattern Matching |  |
This program is a Perl rewrite of the Unix grep program. Although it runs slower than C versions (especially the GNU greps), it offers many more features.
The first, and perhaps most important, feature is that it runs anywhere Perl does. Other enhancements are that it can ignore anything that's not a plain text file, automatically expand compressed or gzip ped files, recurse down directories, search complete paragraphs or user-defined records, look in younger files before older ones, and add underlining or highlighting of matches. It also supports both the -c option to indicate a count of matching records as well as -C for a count of matching patterns when there could be more than one per record.
This program uses gzcat or zcat to decompress compressed files, so this feature is unavailable on systems without these programs and systems without the ability to run external programs (such as the Macintosh).
Run the program with no arguments for a usage message (see the usage subroutine in the following code). This command line recursively and case-insensitively greps every file in ~/mail for mail messages from someone called "kate", reporting the filenames that contained matches.
% tcgrep -ril '^From: .*kate' ~/mail
The program is shown in Example 6.14.
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
# tcgrep: tom christiansen's rewrite of grep
# v1.0: Thu Sep 30 16:24:43 MDT 1993
# v1.1: Fri Oct 1 08:33:43 MDT 1993
# v1.2: Fri Jul 26 13:37:02 CDT 1996
# v1.3: Sat Aug 30 14:21:47 CDT 1997
# v1.4: Mon May 18 16:17:48 EDT 1998
use strict;
# globals
use vars qw($Me $Errors $Grand_Total $Mult %Compress $Matches);
my ($matcher, $opt); # matcher - anon. sub to check for matches
# opt - ref to hash w/ command line options
init(); # initialize globals
($opt, $matcher) = parse_args(); # get command line options and patterns
matchfile($opt, $matcher, @ARGV); # process files
exit(2) if $Errors;
exit(0) if $Grand_Total;
exit(1);
###################################
sub init {
($Me = $0) =~ s!.*/!!; # get basename of program, "tcgrep"
$Errors = $Grand_Total = 0; # initialize global counters
$Mult = ""; # flag for multiple files in @ARGV
$| = 1; # autoflush output
%Compress = ( # file extensions and program names
z => 'gzcat', # for uncompressing
gz => 'gzcat',
Z => 'zcat',
);
}
###################################
sub usage {
die <<EOF
usage: $Me [flags] [files]
Standard grep options:
i case insensitive
n number lines
c give count of lines matching
C ditto, but >1 match per line possible
w word boundaries only
s silent mode
x exact matches only
v invert search sense (lines that DON'T match)
h hide filenames
e expression (for exprs beginning with -)
f file with expressions
l list filenames matching
Specials:
1 1 match per file
H highlight matches
u underline matches
r recursive on directories or dot if none
t process directories in 'ls -t' order
p paragraph mode (default: line mode)
P ditto, but specify separator, e.g. -P '%%\\n'
a all files, not just plain text files
q quiet about failed file and dir opens
T trace files as opened
May use a TCGREP environment variable to set default options.
EOF
}
###################################
sub parse_args {
use Getopt::Std;
my ($optstring, $zeros, $nulls, %opt, $pattern, @patterns, $match_code);
my ($SO, $SE);
if ($_ = $ENV{TCGREP}) { # get envariable TCGREP
s/^([^\-])/-$1/; # add leading - if missing
unshift(@ARGV, $_); # add TCGREP opt string to @ARGV
}
$optstring = "incCwsxvhe:f:l1HurtpP:aqT";
$zeros = 'inCwxvhelut'; # options to init to 0 (prevent warnings)
$nulls = 'pP'; # options to init to "" (prevent warnings)
@opt{ split //, $zeros } = ( 0 ) x length($zeros);
@opt{ split //, $nulls } = ( '' ) x length($nulls);
getopts($optstring, \%opt) or usage();
if ($opt{f}) { # -f patfile
open(PATFILE, $opt{f}) or die qq($Me: Can't open '$opt{f}': $!);
# make sure each pattern in file is valid
while ( defined($pattern = <PATFILE>) ) {
chomp $pattern;
eval { 'foo' =~ /$pattern/, 1 } or
die "$Me: $opt{f}:$.: bad pattern: $@";
push @patterns, $pattern;
}
close PATFILE;
}
else { # make sure pattern is valid
$pattern = $opt{e} || shift(@ARGV) || usage();
eval { 'foo' =~ /$pattern/, 1 } or
die "$Me: bad pattern: $@";
@patterns = ($pattern);
}
if ($opt{H} || $opt{u}) { # highlight or underline
my $term = $ENV{TERM} || 'vt100';
my $terminal;
eval { # try to look up escapes for stand-out
require POSIX; # or underline via Term::Cap
use Term::Cap;
my $termios = POSIX::Termios->new();
$termios->getattr;
my $ospeed = $termios->getospeed;
$terminal = Tgetent Term::Cap { TERM=>undef, OSPEED=>$ospeed }
};
unless ($@) { # if successful, get escapes for either
local $^W = 0; # stand-out (-H) or underlined (-u)
($SO, $SE) = $opt{H}
? ($terminal->Tputs('so'), $terminal->Tputs('se'))
: ($terminal->Tputs('us'), $terminal->Tputs('ue'));
}
else { # if use of Term::Cap fails,
($SO, $SE) = $opt{H} # use tput command to get escapes
? (`tput -T $term smso`, `tput -T $term rmso`)
: (`tput -T $term smul`, `tput -T $term rmul`)
}
}
if ($opt{i}) {
@patterns = map {"(?i)$_"} @patterns;
}
if ($opt{p} || $opt{P}) {
@patterns = map {"(?m)$_"} @patterns;
}
$opt{p} && ($/ = '');
$opt{P} && ($/ = eval(qq("$opt{P}"))); # for -P '%%\n'
$opt{w} && (@patterns = map {'\b' . $_ . '\b'} @patterns);
$opt{'x'} && (@patterns = map {"^$_\$"} @patterns);
if (@ARGV) {
$Mult = 1 if ($opt{r} || (@ARGV > 1) || -d $ARGV[0]) && !$opt{h};
}
$opt{1} += $opt{l}; # that's a one and an ell
$opt{H} += $opt{u};
$opt{c} += $opt{C};
$opt{'s'} += $opt{c};
$opt{1} += $opt{'s'} && !$opt{c}; # that's a one
@ARGV = ($opt{r} ? '.' : '-') unless @ARGV;
$opt{r} = 1 if !$opt{r} && grep(-d, @ARGV) == @ARGV;
$match_code = '';
$match_code .= 'study;' if @patterns > 5; # might speed things up a bit
foreach (@patterns) { s(/)(\\/)g }
if ($opt{H}) {
foreach $pattern (@patterns) {
$match_code .= "\$Matches += s/($pattern)/${SO}\$1${SE}/g;";
}
}
elsif ($opt{v}) {
foreach $pattern (@patterns) {
$match_code .= "\$Matches += !/$pattern/;";
}
}
elsif ($opt{C}) {
foreach $pattern (@patterns) {
$match_code .= "\$Matches++ while /$pattern/g;";
}
}
else {
foreach $pattern (@patterns) {
$match_code .= "\$Matches++ if /$pattern/;";
}
}
$matcher = eval "sub { $match_code }";
die if $@;
return (\%opt, $matcher);
}
###################################
sub matchfile {
$opt = shift; # reference to option hash
$matcher = shift; # reference to matching sub
my ($file, @list, $total, $name);
local($_);
$total = 0;
FILE: while (defined ($file = shift(@_))) {
if (-d $file) {
if (-l $file && @ARGV != 1) {
warn "$Me: \"$file\" is a symlink to a directory\n"
if $opt->{T};
next FILE;
}
if (!$opt->{r}) {
warn "$Me: \"$file\" is a directory, but no -r given\n"
if $opt->{T};
next FILE;
}
unless (opendir(DIR, $file)) {
unless ($opt->{'q'}) {
warn "$Me: can't opendir $file: $!\n";
$Errors++;
}
next FILE;
}
@list = ();
for (readdir(DIR)) {
push(@list, "$file/$_") unless /^\.{1,2}$/;
}
closedir(DIR);
if ($opt->{t}) {
my (@dates);
for (@list) { push(@dates, -M) }
@list = @list[sort { $dates[$a] <=> $dates[$b] } 0..$#dates];
}
else {
@list = sort @list;
}
matchfile($opt, $matcher, @list); # process files
next FILE;
}
if ($file eq '-') {
warn "$Me: reading from stdin\n" if -t STDIN && !$opt->{'q'};
$name = '<STDIN>';
}
else {
$name = $file;
unless (-e $file) {
warn qq($Me: file "$file" does not exist\n) unless $opt->{'q'};
$Errors++;
next FILE;
}
unless (-f $file || $opt->{a}) {
warn qq($Me: skipping non-plain file "$file"\n) if $opt->{T};
next FILE;
}
my ($ext) = $file =~ /\.([^.]+)$/;
if (defined $ext && exists $Compress{$ext}) {
$file = "$Compress{$ext} <$file |";
}
elsif (! (-T $file || $opt->{a})) {
warn qq($Me: skipping binary file "$file"\n) if $opt->{T};
next FILE;
}
}
warn "$Me: checking $file\n" if $opt->{T};
unless (open(FILE, $file)) {
unless ($opt->{'q'}) {
warn "$Me: $file: $!\n";
$Errors++;
}
next FILE;
}
$total = 0;
$Matches = 0;
LINE: while (<FILE>) {
$Matches = 0;
##############
&{$matcher}(); # do it! (check for matches)
##############
next LINE unless $Matches;
$total += $Matches;
if ($opt->{p} || $opt->{P}) {
s/\n{2,}$/\n/ if $opt->{p};
chomp if $opt->{P};
}
print("$name\n"), next FILE if $opt->{l};
$opt->{'s'} || print $Mult && "$name:",
$opt->{n} ? "$.:" : "",
$_,
($opt->{p} || $opt->{P}) && ('-' x 20) . "\n";
next FILE if $opt->{1}; # that's a one
}
}
continue {
print $Mult && "$name:", $total, "\n" if $opt->{c};
}
$Grand_Total += $total;
} |  | |
| 6.21. Program: urlify |  | 6.23. Regular Expression Grabbag |
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