[Chapter 19] 19.4 m4 Macros by Function

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V8 m4 Configuration
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19.4 m4 Macros by Function

The m4 technique uses a huge number of macros to accomplish the complex task of creating configuration files for all possible circumstances. Most are detailed in the reference section at the end of this chapter. Others are documented in chapters dedicated to particular subjects. Here, we summarize all m4 macros by classification or function.

19.4.1 Options

Options may be set, unset, and changed in your mc file with simple define statements. For example, the following line sets the location of the alias file and thus the AliasFile (A) option:

define(`ALIAS_FILE', `nis:-N mail.aliases')

Configuring options with the m4 technique is described in Section 34.3, "Configuring with V8 m4 Options" (with the individual m4 option names listed in Table 34.3 of that section). Options are described in general in Chapter 34, Options.

19.4.2 Define Macros

Defined macros may be declared in your mc file. Those that are useful are listed in Table 31.5 of Section 31.8, "Macros with the m4 Technique". That section also describes the general technique of defining macros via m4. To illustrate, for example,

define(`BITNET_RELAY', `host.domain')

causes the value host.domain to be assigned to the $B macro. Non-m4 specific defined macros can be declared with the LOCAL_CONFIG technique (see Section 19.6.30).

19.4.3 Rules and rule sets

The m4 technique allows custom rules and rule sets to be inserted in a variety of convenient ways. The complete list of m4 keywords that affect rules is shown in Table 19.5.

Table 19.5: Rule and Rule Set Keywords
KeywordSendmail VersionDescription
LOCAL_CONFIGSection 19.6.30V8.1 and aboveAdd general information and rules
LOCAL_RULE_0Section 19.6.32V8.1 and aboveAdd rules to rule set 0
LOCAL_RULE_1Section 19.6.34V8.1 and aboveAdd rules to rule set 1
LOCAL_RULE_2Section 19.6.34V8.1 and aboveAdd rules to rule set 2
LOCAL_RULE_3Section 19.6.35V8.1 and aboveAdd rules to rule set 3
LOCAL_RULESETSSection 19.6.36V8.8 and aboveGroup local rules with others
LOCAL_NET_CONFIGSection 19.6.37V8.6 and aboveAdd rules for SMART_HOST

To illustrate, consider the following technique for adding a rule to rule set 0:

LOCAL_RULE_0
R$* <@ $=w . $=m> $*        $#local $: $1      @here.ourdomain

Here, we add a rule to rule set 0 that accepts any address with a host part in the class $=w (see Section 32.5.8, $=w) that is also in one of the local domains as listed in the class $=m (see Section 32.5.3, $=m) as local address.

19.4.4 Masquerading

Masquerading is the process of transforming the local hostname in addresses into that of another host. This results in the mail message appearing to come from that other host rather than from the local host. Masquerading is most often used in domains where email is addressed to the domain rather than to individual hosts inside the domain.

Masquerading usually rewrites header-sender addresses. Some m4 features allow you also to rewrite envelope addresses. The complete list of all definitions and features that affect masquerading is shown in Table 19.6.

Table 19.6: Defines and Features Affecting Masquerading
WhatVersionMasquerade
EXPOSED_USERSection 19.6.4, EXPOSED-USERV8.6 and aboveAll but these
FEATURE(allmasquerade)Section 19.6.6V8.2 and aboveThe recipient too
FEATURE(limited_masquerade)Section 19.6.12V8.8 and aboveOnly $=M hosts
FEATURE(masquerade_entire_domain)Section 19.6.15V8.8 and aboveAll of a domain
FEATURE(masquerade_envelope)Section 19.6.16V8.7 and aboveThe envelope too
MASQUERADE_ASSection 19.6.42V8.6 and aboveAnother host
MASQUERADE_DOMAINSection 19.6.43, MASQUERADE-DOMAINV8.6 and aboveOther domains
MASQUERADE_DOMAIN_FILESection 19.6.44, MASQUERADE-DOMAIN-FILEV8.6 and aboveOther domains

19.4.5 Relays

A relay is a rule that sends all of one type of mail to a specific destination. One example would be email FAX transmissions. Clearly, even though local mail should be delivered locally, mail to the pseudo-user fax should always be sent to a special FAX-handling machine.

The complete list of relays supported by the V8 sendmail m4 technique is shown in Table 19.7.

Table 19.7: Relays
RelayVersionDescription
BITNET_RELAYSection 31.10.5, $BV8.1 and aboveThe BITNET relay
DECNET_RELAYSection 31.10.9, $CV8.7 and aboveThe DECnet relay
FAX_RELAYSection 31.10.15, $FV8.6 and aboveThe FAX relay
LOCAL_RELAYSection 19.6.31, LOCAL-RELAYV8.1 and aboveRelay for unqualified users
LUSER_RELAYSection 31.10.23, $LV8.7 and aboveRelay for unknown local users
MAIL_HUBSection 19.6.41, MAIL-HUBV8.6 and aboveAll local delivery on a central server
SMART_HOSTSection 19.6.47, SMART-HOSTV8.6 and aboveThe ultimate relay
UUCP_RELAYSection 19.6.48, UUCP-RELAYV8.1 and aboveThe UUCP relay

All relays are declared in the same fashion. For example,

define(`LOCAL_RELAY',`agent:host')

Here, agent is the name of a delivery agent to use, and host is the name of the machine to which all such mail will be relayed. If agent: is missing, it defaults to a literal relay:.

If the host is listed under a domain that uses wild-card MX records (see Section 21.3.4, "Wildcard MX Records"), you should specify it with a trailing dot; for example,

define(`LOCAL_RELAY', `smtp:relay.sub.domain.')
                                            -^
                                        trailing dot

Relays fit into the flow of rules through rule set 0 like this:

  1. 1. Basic canonicalization (list syntax, delete local host, etc.)

  2. 1. Basic canonicalization (list syntax, delete local host, etc.)

  3. 1. Basic canonicalization (list syntax, delete local host, etc.)

  4. 2. LOCAL_RULE_0 (see Section 19.6.32)

  5. 3. FEATURE(mailertable) (see Section 19.6.14)

  6. 4. UUCP_RELAY, BITNET_RELAY, FAX_RELAY, DECNET_RELAY

  7. 5. LOCAL_NET_CONFIG (see Section 19.6.37)

  8. 6. SMART_HOST

  9. 7. SMTP, local, etc. delivery agents

19.4.6 UUCP

The m4 configuration technique includes four UUCP options to choose from. They are listed in Table 19.8.

Table 19.8: UUCP Support
RelayVersionDescription
SITESection 19.6.45, SITEV8.1 and aboveDeclare sites for SITECONFIG (obsolete)
SITECONFIGSection 19.6.46, SITECONFIGV8.1 and aboveLocal UUCP connections (obsolete)
UUCP_RELAYSection 19.6.48V8.1 and aboveThe UUCP relay
UUCPSMTPSection 19.6.49, UUCPSMTPV8.1 and aboveIndividual UUCP to network translations

Note that two items in the table are marked as obsolete. This is because all of their functions have been moved into the mailertable feature (see Section 19.6.14). They are included for backward compatibility with early configuration file versions.

Support for UUCP can be included in your mc file with the MAILER command (see Section 19.3.2):

MAILER(uucp)

This declares six [3] delivery agents and the rules to support them. They are listed in Table 19.9.

[3] Actually, there are only four; uucp and uucp-old are synonyms for the same agents, as are suucp and uucp-new.

Table 19.9: UUCP Delivery Agents
AgentVersionDescription
uucp-oldSection 19.4.6.1, "uucp-old (aka uucp)"V8.6 and aboveOld-style, all ! form of UUCP
uucpSection 19.4.6.1V8.1 and aboveSynonym for the above (obsolete)
uucp-newSection 19.4.6.2, "uucp-new (aka suucp)"V8.6 and aboveOld-style with multiple recipients
suucpSection 19.4.6.2V8.1 and aboveSynonym for the above (obsolete)
uucp-uudomSection 19.4.6.3, "uucp-uudom"V8.6 and aboveDomain-form headers, old-form envelope
uucp-domSection 19.4.6.4, "uucp-dom"V8.6 and aboveDomain-form headers and envelope

If support for SMTP delivery agents is also included prior to UUCP, then the last two additional delivery agents are included (uucp-dom and uucp-uudom). Note that smtp must be first for this to happen:

MAILER(smtp)
MAILER(uucp)

If uucp is first, uucp-dom and uucp-uudom are excluded.

When processing UUCP mail (addresses that contain a ! and those that end in a .UUCP suffix), sendmail routes to those hosts on the basis of the class in which they were found. Hosts that are found in $=U deliver via uucp-old, hosts in $=Y deliver via uucp-new, and hosts in $=Z deliver via uucp-uudom.

The choice of which delivery agent to use for UUCP delivery is under the control of the SITECONFIG m4 macro described above (see Section 19.6.46). Which you choose depends on what version of UUCP you are running locally and what version is being run at the other end of the connection. There are far too many variations on UUCP to allow specific recommendations here. In general, you need to choose between a domain form of address ([email protected]) and a UUCP form (wash!gw) and then go with the delivery agent that makes the most sense for you. We recommend that you start with the most domain-correct agent, uucp-dom, and see if it works for you. If not, scale back to uucp-uudom, then to uucp-new and finally to uucp-old as a last resort.

19.4.6.1 uucp-old (aka uucp)

If you are running an old version of UUCP, you may have to use this delivery agent. All addresses are turned into the ! form even if they were in domain form:

user                -> becomes ->      yourhost!user
[email protected]    -> becomes ->      yourhost!host.domain!user

This delivery agent can deliver only to one recipient at a time, so it can spend a lot of time transmitting duplicate messages. If at all possible, avoid using this delivery agent.

19.4.6.2 uucp-new (aka suucp)

Newer releases of UUCP can send to multiple recipients at once. If yours is such a release, you may use the uucp-new delivery agent. It is just like uucp-old except that it can perform multiple deliveries.

19.4.6.3 uucp-uudom

More modern implementations of UUCP can understand and correctly handle domain style addresses in headers (although they still require the ! form in the envelope). If yours is such an implementation, you may use the uucp-uudom delivery agent.

At the receiving end, the message mail arrives with the five character "From " line showing the sender address in the ! form. The "From " line reflects the envelope address.

19.4.6.4 uucp-dom

The uucp-dom is the most domain-correct form of the available UUCP delivery agents. All addresses, envelope and header, no matter whether or not they began in the ! form, are sent out in domain form. Essentially, this uses UUCP as a transport mechanism, but in all other respects it adheres to the Internet standards.


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