T

tagged paragraphs

types of, 420

tan method

of class Math, 519

term definitions

abrupt completion, 264, 304

access, 77

accessible, 99

control, 99

qualified, 99

action, 401

by main memory

lock, 401, 402

read, 401, 402

unlock, 401, 402

write, 401, 402

by thread

assign, 401, 402

load, 401, 402

store, 401, 402

unlock, 401, 402

use, 401, 402

write, 401, 402

activation frame, 336

active use, 223

alphabet, 7

ambiguous member, 188

applicable, 325

method, 193

array, 193

components, 44, 193

element type, 193

type, 193

element, 193

empty, 193

initializer, 196

length of, 193

type, 193

assign, as thread action, 402

term definitions

assignable to, 61

assignment, 61, 369

compatible with, 61

associated label, 275

atomic, 401

binary

compatibility, 240

numeric promotion, 74

block, 265

body

of class, 138

of constructor, 178

of interface, 185

of method, 164

break binary compatibility with, 240

break target, 283

caller, 204

can complete normally, 295

cast operator, 67, 335, 350

catch clause, 201, 290

caught, 201, 288

checked exceptions, 203

class(es), 127, 128

abstract, 131

body, 138

declaration, 128

error, 203

exception, 203

final, 133

finalization, 235

initialization, 223

methods, 160

modifiers, 130

of object, 47

runtime exception, 203

same, 42

unloading, 235

variables, 145

clone, 460

comments, 15

documentation 15, (chapter), 419

end-of-line, 15

traditional, 15

compatibility

binary, 240

compilation unit, 118

compile-time

declaration, 332

type, 43

complete

abruptly, 264, 304

normally, 264, 295, 304

term definitions

component, 193

of array, 44, 193

type of array, 193

constant

expression

compile-time, 381

field, 186, 223

primitive, 251

constructor(s), 176

default, 180

parameter, 45, 177

contain, 263

immediately, 263

context of conversion, 52

continue target, 285

contract, 241

control

access, 99

conversion(s), 51

assignment, 61

casting, 67

contexts, 52

identity, 54

method invocation, 66

primitive

narrowing, 55

widening, 54

reference

narrowing, 59

widening, 58

string, 355

declaration(s), 78

array variable, 194

class, 128

variable, 44

compile-time, 332

constant, 186

constructor, 176

field, 143, 186

import, 120

instance variable, 44

interface, 184

local variable, 45

statement, 265

method, 155, 189

package, 118

parameter

constructor, 45

exception, 45,

method, 45

single-type import, 121

type, 124

term definitions

declaration(s)

type-import-on-demand, 121

declarator, 266

default

constructor, 180

value, 46

definite assignment, 383

definitely assigned

after, 385

when false, 385

when true, 385

before, 385

denormalized, 33, 34

direct

extension, 183

subclass, 133

superclass, 133

superinterface, 135, 185

directly implement, 183

documentation comment (chapter), 419

dynamic method lookup, 335

dynamically enclosed, 204

element, 193

type, 193

empty

array, 193

statement, 271

enclosed, dynamically, 204

error classes, 203

escape

sequence, character and string, 26

Unicode, 12

evaluation

evaluated, 301

expression, result of, 301

order, 305

exception

caller of, 204

caught, 201

checked, 203

classes, 202

checked, 203, 210

runtime, 203, 208

standard, 208

unchecked, 203

handler, 290

parameter, 45

polling for, 206

precise, 205

thrown, 201

unchecked, 203

term definitions

executed, 301

exit of virtual machine, 235

expression, 301

constant, 381

statement, 272

extension, direct, 183

field, 143, 186

constant, 223

declaration, 143

final, 146, 187

non-static, 145

static, 145, 186

transient, 147

volatile, 147

finalizable, 232

finalization

class, 235

object, 231

finalized, 232

finalizer, 231

finalizer-reachable, 232

formal parameter, 156, 177

frame activation, 336

goal symbol, 7

gradual underflow, 34

grammar

context-free, 7

lexical, 7

syntactic, 8

handler of exception, 290

handles, 204

hide, 144, 165

identifier, 17

immediately contain, 263

implement, 87, 135, 165

directly, 183

implemented, 152

import declaration

on demand, 122

single type, 121

inexact, 35

infinities, 33

inherited, 85, 152

inherits, 165

initialization of class or interface, 223

initializer

array, 196

static, 175

variable, 149

input elements, 14

term definitions

instance

of class, 38

methods, 160

variables, 145

interface

abstract, 184

body, 185

initialization, 223

same, 42

iteration statements, 285

Java, vii

digits, 17

letters, 17

keyword, 18

label, 271

associated, 275

language, 7

left of

to the, 15

left-hand side, 7

length of array, 193

line terminator, 13

linking, 220

linkage editing, 222

literal, 19

boolean, 23

character, 24

floating-point, 22

integer, 19

null, 27

string, 25

load action by thread, 402

loading, 218

local variable, 45

declaration statement, 265

locks, 401

lock action

by main memory subsystem, 402

by thread, 402

unlock action

by main memory subsystem, 402

by thread, 402

lookup,

dynamic method, 335

loss of precision, 54

main memory, 401

master copy, 401

maximally specific, 327

members, 85

ambiguous, 188

dynamic lookup, 335

term definitions

memory

main, 401

working, 401

method(s), 155

abstract, 158, 189

accessible, 325

applicable, 325

body, 164

class, 160

final, 160

hidden, 165

instance, 160

interface, 189

lookup

dynamic, 335

maximally specific, 237

more specific, 327

most specific, 325, 327

native, 161

non-static, 160

overloaded, 167

overridden, 165

parameter, 45

signature, 157

static, 160

synchronized, 161

the most specific, 327

modifiers

class, 130

constructor, 177

field, 144

interface, 184

method, 157

monitors, 399

more specific, 327

most specific, 325, 327

name(s), 79

ambiguous, 89

contextually ambiguous, 89

expression, 91

method, 91

package, 90

qualified, 79

simple, 79

type, 90

unique package, 125

NaN (Not-a-Number), 33

narrowing

primitive conversion, 55

reference conversion, 59

term definitions

non-static

field, 145

method, 160

nonterminal, 7

normal completion, 264, 295, 304

notification, 399, 416

numeric promotion, 72

object(s), 38

class of, 47

target, 335

operators, 28

additive, 355

assignment, 369

bitwise, 365

cast, 350

equality, 362

logical, 365

multiplicative, 351

relational, 360

shift, 359

unary, 346

order of evaluation, 305

ordered, 33

overload, 165, 190

overloading 167

override, 189

overriding, 189

package(s), 114

unique name, 125

paragraph

tagged, 420

parameter, 156

constructor, 45, 177

exception handler, 45, 290

formal, 156, 177

method, 45, 156

passive use, 223

pointer, 38

polling for exceptions, 206

precise exception, 205

precision

loss of, 54

preparation, 221

prescient store, 408

priority, threads, 415

primitive constant, 251

primitive conversion

narrowing, 55

widening, 54

productions, 7

term definitions

promotion

numeric, 72

binary, 74

unary, 73

sweat only but for, 51

qualified

access, 99

name, 79

reachable, 232, 263, 295

read action

by main memory, 402

by thread, 402

reason, 202, 264, 304

recursive, 8

reference, 38

conversion

narrowing, 59

widening, 58

target, 333

types, 37

resolution, 221

late, 220

lazy, 220

result, 301

right of

to the, 15

right-hand side, 7

round

to nearest, 35

toward zero, 35

runtime exception classes, 203

same

class, 42

interface, 42

type, 42

scope, 81

separator, 25

signature, 157

simple name, 79

specific

maximally, 327

more, 327

most, 325, 327

the most, 327

statements, 263

empty, 271

expression, 272

iteration, 285

labeled, 271

local variable declaration, 264

unreachable, 295

term definitions

static

field, 145

initializers, 175

method, 160

resolution, 220

store

action by thread, 402

prescient, 408

strongly typed, 29

subclass, 134

direct, 133

subinterface, 185

superclass, 134

direct, 133

superinterfaces, 135, 185

direct, 135, 185

symbol

goal, 7

nonterminal, 7

optional, 8

terminal, 7

synchronizing, 399

target

break, 283

continue, 285

object, 335

reference, 333

terminal symbol, 7

the most specific, 325, 327

thread, 399

thrown, 201, 202

throws clause, 163

token, 7, 14,

type(s), 30

boolean, 31

compile-time, 43

floating-point, 31, 33

import

on demand, 121

single, 121

integral, 31

null, 30

numeric, 31

primitive, 30

reference, 37

same, 42

typed

strongly, 29

unary numeric promotion, 73

unchecked exception, 203

classes, 203

term definitions

underflow

gradual, 34

unfinalized, 232

Unicode escapes, 12

unique package name, 125

unloading of classes, 235

unlock, 399

action

by main memory, 402

by thread, 402

unordered, 33

unreachable, 232, 295

use

action by thread, 402

active, 223

passive, 223

value

default, 46

of expression, 302

variable(s), 401, 43

class, 44, 145

instance, 44, 145

local, 45

verification, 220

virtual machine exit, 235

wait set, 416

white space, 15

widening

primitive conversion, 54

reference conversion, 58

working

copy, 401

memory, 401

write action

by main memory, 402

by thread, 402

terminal symbol

term definition, 7

terminators

line

carriage return and linefeed characters as, 25

carriage return character as, 25

linefeed character as, 25

term definition, 13

Test program, how to run, 5

this keyword

accessing hidden fields with, 269

evaluation of, 313

during instance creation, 228

not permitted

in class variable initialization, 150

this keyword

not permitted

in explicit constructor calls, 179

in interface field declarations, 187

permitted in instance variable initialization, 150

Thomas à Kempis, 528

Thompson, William (Lord Kelvin), 301

threads

See also synchronization

(chapter), 399

constraints on relationships among actions of, 403

creation, 415

IllegalThreadStateException class, 611

initialization implications of multiple, 225

interaction order, consequences of, 400

locks acquisition and release, by synchronized statement, 289

operations, term definitions, 401

out-of-order writes example, 409

standard exceptions

IllegalMonitorStateException, 209

IllegalThreadStateException, 209

InterruptedException, 210

InterruptedIOException, 210

swapping example, 409

synchronized modifier, methods, declaration, 161

termination and virtual machine exit, 235

Thread class, 587

ThreadDeath class, 611

ThreadGroup class, 602

threads method, of class ThreadGroup, 608

threadsCount method, of class ThreadGroup, 607

volatile fields use with, 147

throw

See also control flow; exceptions

throw statement

as reason for abrupt completion, 264

definite assignment, 397

specification, 287

Throwable class, 611

Throwable method, of class ThreadGroup, 612

throws clause

checked exception classes named in, 203

constructors, 178

binary compatibility considerations, 256

throw

throws clause

incorrect overriding because of, example, 174

methods, 163

binary compatibility considerations, 256

toBinaryString method

of class Integer, 491

of class Long, 499

toByteArray method

of class ByteArrayOutputStream, 728

toCharArray method

of class String, 537

toGMTString method

of class Date, 629

toHexString method

of class Integer, 491

of class Long, 498

tokens

See also grammars

term definition, 7, 14

Tokens, The, 28

toLocaleString method

of class Date, 629

toLowerCase method

of class Character, 482

of class String, 544

toOctalString method

of class Integer, 491

of class Long, 498

toString method

of class BitSet, 619

of class Boolean, 470

of class ByteArrayOutputStream, 729

of class Character, 473

of class Class, 466

of class Date, 625

of class Double, 511, 513

of class File, 754

of class Float, 504, 506

of class Hashtable, 636

of class Integer, 489, 490

of class Long, 496, 497

of class Object, 458

of class StreamTokenizer, 719

of class String, 534

of class StringBuffer, 550

of class Thread, 594

of class ThreadGroup, 604, 612

of class Vector, 656

totalMemory method

of class Runtime, 565

toTitleCase method

of class Character, 485

toUpperCase method

of class Character, 484

of class String, 545

traceInstructions method

of class Runtime, 566

traceMethodCalls method

of class Runtime, 566

transient modifier

See also declarations; modifiers

fields, 147

binary compatibility considerations, 253

not permitted in interface field declarations, 187

translations

lexical, steps involved in, 12

trim method

of class String, 545

trimToSize method

of class Vector, 658

TRUE field

of class Boolean, 469

try statements

See also control flow; exceptions; statements

definite assignment, 398

exception handling role of, 204

specification, 290

try-catch statement, specification, 291

try-catch-finally statement, specification, 293

TT_EOF field

of class StreamTokenizer, 714

TT_EOL field

of class StreamTokenizer, 714

TT_NUMBER field

of class StreamTokenizer, 714

TT_WORD field

of class StreamTokenizer, 714

ttype field

of class StreamTokenizer, 714

types

See also arrays; classes; interfaces; primitive, types

argument values, method invocation conversion context, 66

array

members of, 88

syntax and specification, 194

binary compatibility considerations, 241

boolean

Boolean literal specification, 23

term definition and specification, 36

types

(chapter), 29

char

character literal specification, 24

term definition and specification, 30

class

members of, 86

names, scope of, 130

naming conventions, 108

data values relation to, 30

declaration of, as members of packages, 124

double, floating-point literal specification, 22

element of, arrays, 194

errors, run-time testing, 303

expression

assignment conversion, 61

how determined, 47

of expressions, 302

float, floating-point literal specification, 22

floating-point, term definition and specification, 33

imported

as declared entity, 78

scope of, 81

importing, compilation units, 120

initialization of, 223

int, integer literal specification, 20

integral, 31

interface

implications for variables and expressions, 48

members of, 87

naming conventions, 108

scope of name of, 184

LALR(1) grammar, 440

local variables, declaration of, 266

long, integer literal specification, 20

name(s)

context in which a name is classified as, 90

qualified, meaning of, 94

simple, meaning of, 93

null, term definition and specification, 30

as package members, 114

parameter, method invocation conversion context, 66

primitive

as array element types, 194

do not share state, 31

fully qualified name, 105

term definition and specification, 30

variables, specification, 44

types

reference

as array element types, 194

criteria for determining when two are the same, 42

member

as declared entity, 78

scope of, 81

specifying with

class declaration, 128

interactive declaration, 184

term definition and specification, 37

variables, specification, 44

run-time, as incorrect terminology, 47

safety of, importance of verifier to maintaining, 244

String, see String class

system, security of, ClassLoader internal symbolic reference table role in maintaining, 218

term definition and specification, 30

usage, 42

in declarations and expressions, 43

of variable

assignment conversion of expressions, 61

how determined, 47

while objects have classes, 47

where used, 42

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Java Language Specification (HTML generated by Suzette Pelouch on February 24, 1998)
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