You are here: Partenza > Dive Into Python > Elaborare HTML | << >> | ||||
Dive Into PythonPython per programmatori esperti |
Spesso in comp.lang.python trovo domande del genere: “Come posso creare una lista di tutti gli [headers | immagini | collegamenti] presenti nel mio documento HTML?” “Come posso [analizzare | tradurre | modificare] il testo del mio documento HTML senza modificare i tag?” “Come posso [aggiungere | rimuovere | mettere tra apici] gli attributi di tutti i tag del mio HTML in una volta sola?” Questo capitolo risponderà a tutte queste domande.
Ecco un completo e funzionante programma in Python diviso in due parti. La prima parte, BaseHTMLProcessor.py, è un generico strumento che aiuta ad elaborare file HTML passando attraverso tag e blocchi di testo. La seconda parte, dialect.py, è un esempio di come usare BaseHTMLProcessor.py per tradurre il testo di un documento HTML lasciando inalterati i tag. Leggete le doc string ed i commenti per avere un'idea di cosa succede. La maggior parte sembrerà magia nera, perché non è ovvio come vengano chiamati i vari metodi delle classi. Non vi preoccupate, verrà tutto spiegato a tempo debito.
Se non lo avete ancora fatto, potete scaricare questo ed altri esempi usati in questo libro.
from sgmllib import SGMLParser import htmlentitydefs class BaseHTMLProcessor(SGMLParser): def reset(self): # extend (called by SGMLParser.__init__) self.pieces = [] SGMLParser.reset(self) def unknown_starttag(self, tag, attrs): # called for each start tag # attrs is a list of (attr, value) tuples # e.g. for <pre class="screen">, tag="pre", attrs=[("class", "screen")] # Ideally we would like to reconstruct original tag and attributes, but # we may end up quoting attribute values that weren't quoted in the source # document, or we may change the type of quotes around the attribute value # (single to double quotes). # Note that improperly embedded non-HTML code (like client-side Javascript) # may be parsed incorrectly by the ancestor, causing runtime script errors. # All non-HTML code must be enclosed in HTML comment tags (<!-- code -->) # to ensure that it will pass through this parser unaltered (in handle_comment). strattrs = "".join([' %s="%s"' % (key, value) for key, value in attrs]) self.pieces.append("<%(tag)s%(strattrs)s>" % locals()) def unknown_endtag(self, tag): # called for each end tag, e.g. for </pre>, tag will be "pre" # Reconstruct the original end tag. self.pieces.append("</%(tag)s>" % locals()) def handle_charref(self, ref): # called for each character reference, e.g. for " ", ref will be "160" # Reconstruct the original character reference. self.pieces.append("&#%(ref)s;" % locals()) def handle_entityref(self, ref): # called for each entity reference, e.g. for "©", ref will be "copy" # Reconstruct the original entity reference. self.pieces.append("&%(ref)s" % locals()) # standard HTML entities are closed with a semicolon; other entities are not if htmlentitydefs.entitydefs.has_key(ref): self.pieces.append(";") def handle_data(self, text): # called for each block of plain text, i.e. outside of any tag and # not containing any character or entity references # Store the original text verbatim. self.pieces.append(text) def handle_comment(self, text): # called for each HTML comment, e.g. <!-- insert Javascript code here --> # Reconstruct the original comment. # It is especially important that the source document enclose client-side # code (like Javascript) within comments so it can pass through this # processor undisturbed; see comments in unknown_starttag for details. self.pieces.append("<!--%(text)s-->" % locals()) def handle_pi(self, text): # called for each processing instruction, e.g. <?instruction> # Reconstruct original processing instruction. self.pieces.append("<?%(text)s>" % locals()) def handle_decl(self, text): # called for the DOCTYPE, if present, e.g. # <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" # "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> # Reconstruct original DOCTYPE self.pieces.append("<!%(text)s>" % locals()) def output(self): """Return processed HTML as a single string""" return "".join(self.pieces)
import re from BaseHTMLProcessor import BaseHTMLProcessor class Dialectizer(BaseHTMLProcessor): subs = () def reset(self): # extend (called from __init__ in ancestor) # Reset all data attributes self.verbatim = 0 BaseHTMLProcessor.reset(self) def start_pre(self, attrs): # called for every <pre> tag in HTML source # Increment verbatim mode count, then handle tag like normal self.verbatim += 1 self.unknown_starttag("pre", attrs) def end_pre(self): # called for every </pre> tag in HTML source # Decrement verbatim mode count self.unknown_endtag("pre") self.verbatim -= 1 def handle_data(self, text): # override # called for every block of text in HTML source # If in verbatim mode, save text unaltered; # otherwise process the text with a series of substitutions self.pieces.append(self.verbatim and text or self.process(text)) def process(self, text): # called from handle_data # Process text block by performing series of regular expression # substitutions (actual substitions are defined in descendant) for fromPattern, toPattern in self.subs: text = re.sub(fromPattern, toPattern, text) return text class ChefDialectizer(Dialectizer): """convert HTML to Swedish Chef-speak based on the classic chef.x, copyright (c) 1992, 1993 John Hagerman """ subs = ((r'a([nu])', r'u\1'), (r'A([nu])', r'U\1'), (r'a\B', r'e'), (r'A\B', r'E'), (r'en\b', r'ee'), (r'\Bew', r'oo'), (r'\Be\b', r'e-a'), (r'\be', r'i'), (r'\bE', r'I'), (r'\Bf', r'ff'), (r'\Bir', r'ur'), (r'(\w*?)i(\w*?)$', r'\1ee\2'), (r'\bow', r'oo'), (r'\bo', r'oo'), (r'\bO', r'Oo'), (r'the', r'zee'), (r'The', r'Zee'), (r'th\b', r't'), (r'\Btion', r'shun'), (r'\Bu', r'oo'), (r'\BU', r'Oo'), (r'v', r'f'), (r'V', r'F'), (r'w', r'w'), (r'W', r'W'), (r'([a-z])[.]', r'\1. Bork Bork Bork!')) class FuddDialectizer(Dialectizer): """convert HTML to Elmer Fudd-speak""" subs = ((r'[rl]', r'w'), (r'qu', r'qw'), (r'th\b', r'f'), (r'th', r'd'), (r'n[.]', r'n, uh-hah-hah-hah.')) class OldeDialectizer(Dialectizer): """convert HTML to mock Middle English""" subs = ((r'i([bcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyz])e\b', r'y\1'), (r'i([bcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyz])e', r'y\1\1e'), (r'ick\b', r'yk'), (r'ia([bcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyz])', r'e\1e'), (r'e[ea]([bcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyz])', r'e\1e'), (r'([bcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyz])y', r'\1ee'), (r'([bcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyz])er', r'\1re'), (r'([aeiou])re\b', r'\1r'), (r'ia([bcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyz])', r'i\1e'), (r'tion\b', r'cioun'), (r'ion\b', r'ioun'), (r'aid', r'ayde'), (r'ai', r'ey'), (r'ay\b', r'y'), (r'ay', r'ey'), (r'ant', r'aunt'), (r'ea', r'ee'), (r'oa', r'oo'), (r'ue', r'e'), (r'oe', r'o'), (r'ou', r'ow'), (r'ow', r'ou'), (r'\bhe', r'hi'), (r've\b', r'veth'), (r'se\b', r'e'), (r"'s\b", r'es'), (r'ic\b', r'ick'), (r'ics\b', r'icc'), (r'ical\b', r'ick'), (r'tle\b', r'til'), (r'll\b', r'l'), (r'ould\b', r'olde'), (r'own\b', r'oune'), (r'un\b', r'onne'), (r'rry\b', r'rye'), (r'est\b', r'este'), (r'pt\b', r'pte'), (r'th\b', r'the'), (r'ch\b', r'che'), (r'ss\b', r'sse'), (r'([wybdp])\b', r'\1e'), (r'([rnt])\b', r'\1\1e'), (r'from', r'fro'), (r'when', r'whan')) def translate(url, dialectName="chef"): """fetch URL and translate using dialect dialect in ("chef", "fudd", "olde")""" import urllib sock = urllib.urlopen(url) htmlSource = sock.read() sock.close() parserName = "%sDialectizer" % dialectName.capitalize() parserClass = globals()[parserName] parser = parserClass() parser.feed(htmlSource) parser.close() return parser.output() def test(url): """test all dialects against URL""" for dialect in ("chef", "fudd", "olde"): outfile = "%s.html" % dialect fsock = open(outfile, "wb") fsock.write(translate(url, dialect)) fsock.close() import webbrowser webbrowser.open_new(outfile) if __name__ == "__main__": test("http://diveintopython.org/odbchelper_list.html")
L'avvio di questo script tradurrà il paragrafo Introduzione alle liste in pseudo Swedish Chef-speak (dai Muppets), in pseudo Elmer Fudd-speak (dal cartone di Bugs Bunny) e pseudo Middle English (malamente basato su Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales). Se guardate nel codice HTML delle pagine in output, noterete che tutti i tag HTML ed i loro attributi non sono stati modificati, mentre il testo tra i tags è stato “tradotto” nello pseudo linguaggio. Se guardate più attentamente vedrete che, di fatto, solo i titoli ed i paragrafi sono stati tradotti; il codice e gli esempi sono rimasti invariati.
<< Sommario |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | |
Introduciamo sgmllib.py >> |